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Footnote
<sup>1</sup> Griffin CE III, et al. Benzodiazepine pharmacology and central nervous system-mediated effects. <i>Ochsner J.</i> 2013 Summer;13(2):214-23. <a href=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3684331/pdf/i1524-5012-13-2-214.pdf><u>Free full-text PDF in PubMed® Central</u></a>
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• short-acting BZD: average half-life ≤12h<br>
• intermediate-acting BZD: average half-life 12-40h<br>
• long-acting BZD: average half-life ≥40h
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<sup>2</sup> <b>VA/DoD 2021.</b> VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Substance Use Disorders. (Based on evidence reviewed through June 30, 2020.) Version 4.0. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. U.S. Department of Defense. August 2021. <a href=https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/MH/sud/VADoDSUDCPG.pdf><u>Free full-text PDF</u></a>
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<sup>3</sup> Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Detoxification and Substance Abuse Treatment. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 45. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 15-4131. Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 2006. <a href=https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma15-4131.pdf><u>Free full-text PDF</u></a>
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<sup>4</sup> Borrelli EP, et al. Application of a diazepam milligram equivalency algorithm to assess benzodiazepine dose intensity in Rhode Island in 2018. <i>J Manag Care Spec Pharm.</i> 2022 Jan;28(1):58-68. <a href=https://www.jmcp.org/doi/epdf/10.18553/jmcp.2022.28.1.58?role=tab><u>Free full-text PDF</u></a>
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<sup>5</sup> Ashton CH. Benzodiazepines: How They Work and How to Withdraw (aka The Ashton Manual). benzo.org.uk. Updated August 2002. <a href=https://www.benzo.org.uk/manual/index.htm><u>Accessed September 15, 2023</u></a>
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<sup>6</sup> Discontinued early 2022; estimated relaunch date December 2023
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<sup>7</sup> <b>VA 2021.</b> Re-evaluating the Use of Benzodiazepines. A Quick Reference Guide. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. October 2021. <a href=https://www.pbm.va.gov/PBM/AcademicDetailingService/Documents/508/10-1527_BENZOS_QRG_508conformant.pdf><u>Free full-text PDF</u></a>
<br><br>
• short-acting BZD: average half-life ≤12h<br>
• intermediate-acting BZD: average half-life 12-40h<br>
• long-acting BZD: average half-life ≥40h
<br><br>
<sup>2</sup> <b>VA/DoD 2021.</b> VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Substance Use Disorders. (Based on evidence reviewed through June 30, 2020.) Version 4.0. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. U.S. Department of Defense. August 2021. <a href=https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/MH/sud/VADoDSUDCPG.pdf><u>Free full-text PDF</u></a>
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<sup>3</sup> Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Detoxification and Substance Abuse Treatment. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 45. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 15-4131. Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 2006. <a href=https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma15-4131.pdf><u>Free full-text PDF</u></a>
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<sup>4</sup> Borrelli EP, et al. Application of a diazepam milligram equivalency algorithm to assess benzodiazepine dose intensity in Rhode Island in 2018. <i>J Manag Care Spec Pharm.</i> 2022 Jan;28(1):58-68. <a href=https://www.jmcp.org/doi/epdf/10.18553/jmcp.2022.28.1.58?role=tab><u>Free full-text PDF</u></a>
<br><br>
<sup>5</sup> Ashton CH. Benzodiazepines: How They Work and How to Withdraw (aka The Ashton Manual). benzo.org.uk. Updated August 2002. <a href=https://www.benzo.org.uk/manual/index.htm><u>Accessed September 15, 2023</u></a>
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<sup>6</sup> Discontinued early 2022; estimated relaunch date December 2023
<br><br>
<sup>7</sup> <b>VA 2021.</b> Re-evaluating the Use of Benzodiazepines. A Quick Reference Guide. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. October 2021. <a href=https://www.pbm.va.gov/PBM/AcademicDetailingService/Documents/508/10-1527_BENZOS_QRG_508conformant.pdf><u>Free full-text PDF</u></a>
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